[WSMDiscuss] Brazil Suspends Covaxin Contract as Scandal Becomes Too Hot for Bolsonaro (Shobhan Saxena and Florencia Costa)

[Jai Sen]

Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Brazil in movement…, India in movement…, Viruses in movement…

[Further to the report in my recent post as below (‘Brazil's 'Covaxingate' Investigation Closes in on Bolsonaro and Bharat Biotech’), the noose closes, and… :

Brazil Suspends Covaxin Contract as Scandal Becomes Too Hot for Bolsonaro

An invoice for advance payment of $45 million raised by the offshore partner of Bharat Biotech is certain to become the reason for the impending cancellation of the contract

Shobhan Saxena and Florencia Costa <https://thewire.in/author/shobhan-saxena-and-florencia-costa>https://thewire.in/business/brazil-suspends-covaxin-contract-as-scandal-becomes-too-hot-for-bolsonaro <https://thewire.in/business/brazil-suspends-covaxin-contract-as-scandal-becomes-too-hot-for-bolsonaro>    


Sao Paulo: In a major blow to Bharat Biotech’s plan to market Covaxin abroad, the Brazilian government on Tuesday suspended its contract to import 20 million doses of the vaccine in a $300-million deal with the Indian company. With the growing scandal around the contract closing in on Jair Bolsonaro, the Brazilian government is now in a complete damage-control mode to save the president’s skin in a multi-million-dollar case which is keeping this country fixated to TV news.

In a development on Tuesday evening that was not completely unexpected, Brazil’s minister of health Marcelo Queiroga announced that the government has “decided to suspend the contract on the recommendation of the federal comptroller general (CGU)”, which is investigating the alleged irregularities in the contract. After examining the entire contract, which may take 10 to 15 days, CGU will decide whether to terminate the contract or not. But in the views of senators leading the parliamentary commission of inquiry (CPI), the contract is as good as dead.

“I think they suspended the contract to buy some time and then cancel it. They will try to negotiate with the company and say that they have reached a limit because there is a great distrust among the Brazilian population and there is a very deep investigation by the CPI. There won’t be a contract in a few days, I’m sure of that. The plan is to get rid of this contract because the investigation into the Covaxin case is now reaching the president’s office,” said Senator Omar Aziz, president of the parliamentary commission, speaking on a channel on Tuesday night.

The contract between Brazil and Bharat Biotech, mediated and signed by a local company called Precisa Medicamentos, has been in the eye of a political storm for days as it became the main target of the parliamentary commission of inquiry (CPI) investigating the government’s handling of the pandemic. Last week, after a health ministry official, Ricardo Miranda, testified at the senate that he and his brother, federal deputy Luis Miranda, had informed the president about the serious irregularities in an invoice sent by Madison Biotech, an offshore company from Singapore, the CPI turned its focus towards Bolsonaro and Bharat Biotech, whose owner Dr Krishna Ella is also the founding director of the firm which operates from the ground floor of a two-story house in Singapore.


Ricardo Miranda hugs his brother Luis after their testimony at the senate commission last week. Miranda’s exposure of Madison Biotech’s invoice is now the focus of this rolling investigation. Photo: Pedro França/Agência Senado

In a late-night report <https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/2021/06/29/cgu-aponta-cinco-indicios-de-irregularidades-em-contrato-da-covaxin> on Tuesday night, CNN Brasil revealed some parts of the CGU report which had forced the government to suspend the contract. In the 11-page official report, as per CNN Brasil, the focus of the investigation is the invoice from Madison Biotech. “Five points are listed to justify the suspension: Attempt to make advance payment, without contractual provision; possible payment through a company not a signatory to the contract; non-compliance with contractual deadlines; non-justification of price; and breach of contract by Bharat/Precisa as reported by ministry of health,” said the report, which largely seem to put the blame on Bharat Biotech, its offshore partner and its Brazilian representative.

The Indian company signed a pact with Precisa Medicamentos on January 12, 2021. Just 40 days later, on February 25, Precisa Medicamentos signed a contract with the Brazilian government for the sale of 20 million doses. At the time of signing of the contract, Covaxin had not been approved by Brazil’s National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA). Yet, its purchase price was agreed at $15 a dose, the highest paid by this country for any of the six vaccines contracted so far. Rejected by ANVISA on March 31 and then approved for limited import with strict conditions on June 4, the Indian vaccine has been mired in a controversy for months. Now, it is at the centre of a massive scandal that is rocking the Brazilian government and tearing apart Bharat Biotech’s reputation as pharmaceutical company.

Also read: US FDA Denies Emergency Use Approval to Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin <https://thewire.in/health/us-fda-denies-emergency-use-approval-to-bharat-biotech-covaxin>
Amid damaging revelations, the national capital has been abuzz for days with rumours that the government was considering cancelling the contract. According to sources in Brasilia, the people close to the presidential palace want to wash their hands of the deal. “The question is not if the government wants to terminate the contract, the question is when they will cancel it. It is taking time because the contract is under so many ongoing investigations,” said a senior official, speaking on the condition of anonymity. “Nobody wants anything to do with this vaccine anymore. It is toxic.”

For the Bolsonaro administration, which has been completely cornered by the CPI over the purchase of Covaxin and hydroxychloroquine – both from India, the scandal is now too hot to handle. But the suspension – or eventual termination – may not bring any closure as the senators leading the parliamentary probe are not in a mood to give up on their trail of money in the deal. On Tuesday, soon after the government’s announcement to suspend the deal, Senator Randolfe Rodrigues, the vice president of CPI, called it a “confession of guilt”. “If nothing was wrong (in the contract), why would they suspend it? There is only one word for it: Confession!” the senator wrote on Twitter.

The senate probe has gone too deep into the scandal surrounding the Indian vaccine to give it up now. Already dubbed CovaxinGate, it has captured the country’s imagination and is dominating the news cycle. Ricardo Miranda, the health official who exposed the request for $45 million advance payment sent by Madison Biotech of Singapore, is now being treated as a whistleblower by CPI; and the invoice he and his brother took to Bolsonaro with their complaint is the smoking gun on which rests the probe into corruption in the India-Brazil deal.

Four days have passed since the Miranda brothers testified at the senate, telling the country that the president was aware of corruption in the deal, told them the name of the person behind it and yet did nothing about it, but Bolsonaro has not denied the revelations in the bombshell testimony.

The government has, in fact, tied itself in knots, trying to tackle the extremely serious allegations against the president. When the invoice story was revealed last week, the government tried to accuse Ricardo Miranda of tampering with it, but it was soon proved that the document was in the ministry’s computer system and had not been forged. Then the government claimed that the president had forwarded the complaint to then minister of health, Eduardo Pazuello. The senators from CPI found this claim to be fragile because Pazuello was dismissed  on March 23, just three days after the brothers meeting with Bolsonaro. On Tuesday, the government came out with the third version, claiming that Pazuello had forwarded the complaint to the executive secretary of the ministry, Élcio Franco, who would have done a “proper” check. It was immediately pointed out by senators that Franco was also dismissed just three days later and had no time to probe the matter.

Also read: Is the Latest Change in India’s Vaccination Policy the Final Twist in the Tale? <https://thewire.in/government/is-the-latest-change-in-indias-vaccination-policy-the-final-twist-in-the-tale>
On Ricardo Miranda’s testimony that he told the president about being under “extreme pressure” from his superiors to clear the invoice for advance payment from a company which is not part of the contract, Bolsonaro is standing on thin ice. As per Brazilian law, not reporting a wrongdoing by a public official is a crime of malfeasance – an impeachable offence. Three senators, including the CPI vice president, asked the Supreme Court on Saturday to open a criminal case against the president. On Monday, an apex court judge forwarded the application to the federal prosecutor-general’s (PGR) for action. On Tuesday, the PGR’s office requested the court to “wait till the senate probe is over”.

The senate investigation may be extended by a few weeks as has been demanded by CPI, during which the investigators plan to dig up more dirt on corruption, especially in the Covaxin deal, before they prepare their report which may shake up the country’s politics. At the heart of this probe is the invoice from Madison Biotech presented by Ricardo Miranda at his testimony. What could be giving sleepless nights to officials at the presidential palace is the announcement on Monday that Ricardo Miranda will be appearing again at the senate but this time in a closed-door session. There has been speculation, hinted strongly by Luis Miranda, that there is a recording of the brothers’ conversation with Bolsonaro where no other person was present.

Bolsonaro’s silence on the Miranda brothers’ testimony is a sign that he knows what is coming. In recent days, his allies have become shaky, rallies called by his supporters have been no-shows and anger against his government has grown. Nationwide protest rallies, scheduled for July 24, have been advanced to this Saturday (July 3), when hundreds of thousands, if not millions, may pack the streets across the country. To suspend a scandalous contract may be an attempt by the government to get out of the tight spot. But it may be too little and too late.

Suspension of the Covaxin contract is unlikely to put an end to this scandal. On Thursday, Francisco Maximiano, the head of Bharat Biotech’s representative in Brazil, is expected to appear at the senate hearing. Now just CPI investigators but the whole country is waiting to watch it live. It may bring out more scandalous details.


Shobhan Saxena and Florencia Costa are independent journalists based in Sao Paulo, Brazil.



> On Jun 26, 2021, at 11:47 AM, Jai Sen <jai.sen at cacim.net> wrote:
> 
> Saturday, June 26, 2021
> 
> Brazil in movement…, India in movement…, Viruses in movement…
> 
> [No surprises here… :
> 
> In the past week, the senators leading the probe have appeared confident that Madison Biotech’s invoice is the piece of evidence that will lead to a trail of tax evasion, money-laundering and bribery in the deal between Brazilian government and the Indian firm, represented here by a local company, Precisa Medicamentos.
> 
> On Friday afternoon, tension gripped the country when Ricardo Miranda, his hair disheveled and sweat on his forehead, walked into the senate through a corridor used by emergency services. Dressed in a blue shirt and looking visibly tired, the health official quietly settled into a chair next his brother and Senator Omar Aziz, the president of parliamentary commission, at a tense hearing which often turned into a shouting match. But the Miranda brothers came prepared with a power point packed with slides of invoices, emails and WhatsApp messages to prove that they had discussed the issue among themselves and gone to the president. While Ricardo pressed his case for not authorizing the invoice as the Singapore entity was not a “party to the contract”, Luis Miranda pushed his case against the president for not “acting in public interest” on their complaint, which is an impeachable offence. Before the end of the session on Friday night, Luis Miranda dropped a bombshell that has put Bolsonaro in quite a tight spot.
> 
> Brazil's 'Covaxingate' Investigation Closes in on Bolsonaro and Bharat Biotech
> 
> As the vaccine scandal reached the doorstep of Jair Bolsonaro, a Brazil senate panel is considering unlocking the fiscal records of Madison Biotech, owned by Bharat Biotech
> 
> Shobhan Saxena and Florencia Costa <https://thewire.in/author/shobhan-saxena-and-florencia-costa>
> https://thewire.in/world/brazil-covaxin-bharat-biotech-jair-bolsonaro <https://thewire.in/world/brazil-covaxin-bharat-biotech-jair-bolsonaro>
> 
> São Paulo: A piece of paper – an invoice – sent by mail from one corner of the world to another could be the smoking gun in the widening investigation into corruption in the deal that may blow to bits the image of an Indian company and sink some top politicians in Brazil.
> 
> The invoice, sent to the Brazilian government by an offshore firm of the Indian vaccine maker Bharat Biotech, was the focus of a hearing at the parliamentary commission of inquiry (CPI) on Friday, as the whole country watched the proceedings live with emotions running high in the chamber as well as on social media networks.
> 
> The country has been on edge since Tuesday when it a federal deputy, Luis Miranda, alleged that he and his brother Ricardo, chief of the import division at the ministry of health, had met President Jair Bolsonaro on March 20 and alerted him about an invoice of $45 million raised by Madison Biotech, a Singapore-based firm, for advance payment in the $300 million
> 
> contract between the Brazilian government and Bharat Biotech of India for 20 million doses of Covaxin. The invoice was for for 300,000 doses. As the Singapore company was not part of the contract, Ricardo Miranda refused to clear the invoice, he claimed in an interview <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-official-says-he-warned-bolsonaro-over-pressure-buy-bharat-vaccine-2021-06-23/>, and went to Bolsonaro.
> 
> The $15 a dose contract signed by the Bolsonaro government, which had earlier shown little interest in getting vaccines for the country, has become a full-blown scandal with 24×7 media coverage being followed by millions. With explosive leaks coming out almost in real time, a top television commentator called the investigation “CovaxinGate” on Thursday; soon stories about the vaccine were being shared <https://blogs.oglobo.globo.com/vera-magalhaes/post/com-covaxingate-no-cangote-bolsonaro-se-livra-de-outro-fator-de-desgaste.html> with #CovaxinGate on social media. Some senators have even called it  ‘Caminho das Indias’, or “Passages to India”, sarcastically playing on the name of a hugely popular television soap-opera shown a few years ago. With eight out of 10 people in the country supporting the CPI proceedings, people have been anxious to know if there was corruption in the deal.
> 
> Bolsonaro in the dock
> 
> In the past week, the senators leading the probe have appeared confident that Madison Biotech’s invoice is the piece of evidence that will lead to a trail of tax evasion, money-laundering and bribery in the deal between Brazilian government and the Indian firm, represented here by a local company, Precisa Medicamentos.
> 
> On Friday afternoon, tension gripped the country when Ricardo Miranda, his hair disheveled and sweat on his forehead, walked into the senate through a corridor used by emergency services. Dressed in a blue shirt and looking visibly tired, the health official quietly settled into a chair next his brother and Senator Omar Aziz, the president of parliamentary commission, at a tense hearing which often turned into a shouting match. But the Miranda brothers came prepared with a power point packed with slides of invoices, emails and WhatsApp messages to prove that they had discussed the issue among themselves and gone to the president. While Ricardo pressed his case for not authorizing the invoice as the Singapore entity was not a “party to the contract”, Luis Miranda pushed his case against the president for not “acting in public interest” on their complaint, which is an impeachable offence. Before the end of the session on Friday night, Luis Miranda dropped a bombshell that has put Bolsonaro in quite a tight spot.
> 
> 
> In his presentation at the senate on Friday, Brazilian health ministry official Ricardo Miranda stuck to his story that he refused to sign an invoice of $45 million from Madison Biotech as the company was not part of the contract.
> 
> An evidence of crime is what CPI has been looking for since it began in April. At the senate hearing on Friday night, the mood turned dramatic when Luis Miranda was pushed by senators about the details of the brothers’ meeting with the president. As he had claimed that Bolsonaro referred to the name of a politician he suspected of corruption in the Covaxin contract, senators asked him to reveal the name. Amid tears and a choking voice and after much persuasion, Luis Miranda revealed that Ricardo Barros, the leader of government in the  federal Chamber of Deputies, is the name the president cited. “I’m going to call the director-general of the Federal Police because, in fact, Luis, this is very serious,” Luis Miranda said on Friday, claiming this is what Bolsonaro had told him on March 20.
> 
> Also read: Brazil Probe on Covaxin Deal Turns Focus to Offshore Payment to Bharat Biotech ‘Partner’ <https://thewire.in/world/brazil-probe-on-covaxin-deal-turns-focus-to-offshore-payment-to-bharat-biotech-partner>
> Barros, a former health minister, too, has been under the scanner for bringing a bill in the Congress that allowed Brazil to grant “authorization for the import and distribution of any vaccines “, thus allowing the import of Covaxin which has not been approved by the country’s drug regulator till now. In a tweet after the hearing <https://twitter.com/RicardoBarrosPP/status/1408591505711894534?s=20>, he said that he had no involvement in the Covaxin deal and that the investigation would establish this.
> 
> 
> Luis Miranda dropped a bombshell at the commission by revealing the name of the politician who Bolsonaro suspected of corruption in the deal. Photo: A screengrab from TV Senado
> 
> 
> The bombshell revelation by the federal deputy at the CPI, where lying has serious legal implications, was an earth-shaking moment. Close to midnight, after the session ended, Senator Renan Calheiros, the CPI rapporteur, attacked Bolsonaro for not ordering a police investigation despite being “informed of the scandal”. Calling it a historic day, Senator Rodrigues said that the probe is closing-in on Bolsonaro. “Today, all the elements of a crime committed by the president were presented here. He did not take the necessary steps to open an inquiry and he did not take the necessary steps to stop the continued crime… We will be proposing to inform the Supreme Court about it,” said the senator, addressing the media at the end of the day.
> 
> Past midnight, #CovaxinGate was trending on the Brazilian social networks, with memes, jokes and calls for protests this weekend. “We didn’t know Covaxin was so strong that it could get rid of Bolsonaro,” read a widely-shared joke.
> 
> A smoking gun 
> 
> The Covaxin story has become a big problem for Bolsonaro, whose approval rating <https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bolsonaros-approval-falls-24-lowest-ever-says-datafolha-poll-2021-05-13/> has fallen to 23% while his rejection rate is as high as 50%. According to an opinion poll released on Thursday, if the presidential election is held today, Bolsonaro would lose to former president Lula da Silva in the first round itself. Rattled by the growing scandal, Bolsonaro, not known for niceties, has been seem shouting at young female reporters and pulling masks from the face of children at crowded gatherings – a sign of not being in control.
> 
> Also read: US FDA Denies Emergency Use Approval to Bharat Biotech’s Covaxin <https://thewire.in/health/us-fda-denies-emergency-use-approval-to-bharat-biotech-covaxin>
> But the suspicion of corruption in the Covaxin deal portends big trouble for Bharat Biotech, too, which wanted to introduce its vaccine in a big market like Brazil to show its – and India’s – biomedicine prowess. Both the partners of the Indian firm – Precisa Medicamentos in Brazil and Madison Biotech in Singapore – are now under the scanner. While the head of the Brazilian company, Fabiano Maximiano, will appear before the senate next week, the commission may initiate some proceedings against the Singapore firm next week.
> 
> Bharat Biotech in eye of storm
> 
> The Brazilian representative of Bharat Biotech has been on the radar of senate investigators for some time as they pursued the high cost of the Indian vaccine. But the story took a dramatic turn on Tuesday after Ricardo Miranda told O Globo newspaper <https://g1.globo.com/politica/cpi-da-covid/noticia/2021/06/25/embate-de-governistas-e-cupula-da-cpi-tumultua-reuniao-depoente-ameaca-deixar-audiencia.ghtml> that he had refused to clear the Madison Biotech’s invoice as it had not signed any contract with the Brazilian government. The revelation raised suspicion that it was an offshore entity being used for tax evasion. The brothers were immediately asked to depose at the senate.
> 
> On Tuesday evening, the government launched a frontal attack on the Miranda brothers, accusing them of “tampering with the invoice” and misleading the president. At a press meet, Onyx Lorenzoni, the chief of presidential secretariat claimed that there was no third company involved in the deal. “Madison Biotech is nothing more than a subsidiary of Bharat Biotech, located in Singapore, responsible for all of Bharat Biotech contracts in international trade,” said Lorenzoni.
> 
> To support his claim, Lorenzoni presented a “Letter of Declaration” from the Indian company which said that two companies “entered into a Supply Agreement” and all “channel partners and entities are requested to accept Invoice raised by” Madison Biotech. But the undated letter doesn’t say that the Singapore entity was a subsidiary – fully- or partially-owned – of the Indian firm and when did the two companies entered into an agreement. Lorenzoni also didn’t bother to clarify if Madison Biotech was part of the contract and who owned the company that operates from a two-story house <https://thewire.in/world/brazil-probe-on-covaxin-deal-turns-focus-to-offshore-payment-to-bharat-biotech-partner> whose address it shares with several other companies.
> 
> Lorenzoni accused the brothers of “tampering” with the invoice and threatened that the government would order an investigation into their “fraudulent claims” in an aggressive tone, which was seen by the senators as an attempt by the government to “scare and coerce the witness” from not appearing at the senate probe. But on Friday, Ricardo and Luis Miranda repeated in front of the commission and the whole country what they had told the Brazilian media.
> 
> The offshore company, its relationship with the Indian pharma giant <https://thewire.in/world/covaxin-brazil-senate-probe-scandal> and its Brazilian representative and their business activities are now the focus the senate probe. In an important revelation on Friday morning, the Brazilian website UOL reported that Madison Biotech has close links with Bharat Biotech <https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/06/25/empresa-de-singapura-citada-na-cpi-tem-ligacao-com-laboratorio-da-covaxin.htm>. By accessing the company’s commercial registration with the regulatory body of business entities in Singapore, the website reported that among three people listed as directors of Madison Biotech is Krishna Murthy Ella, the founder and president of Bharat Biotech. Another two directors, said the report, include the name of Raches Ella, a US citizen who led the Covaxin clinical trial, and Krishnamurthy Sekar, who is a Singapore citizen.
> 
> The Singapore connection 
> 
> There is nothing irregular 0r illegal for a company to have an offshore entity. But the details about Madison Biotech’s structure and operations have made the Brazil probe quite suspicious about it. According to the information on the website of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority (ACRA) of Singapore, the company was created on February 14, 2020, with an initial capital of 1,000 Singapore dollars ($750). The only partner listed on the company’s commercial record is an Indian veterinary laboratory, which is also owned by the  founder of Bharat Biotech. One of the company’s registered at 31, Cantonment Road, Singapore, is called Sphaera Pharma whose director also happens to be Krishnamurthy Sekar, who joined Madison Biotech on November 12, 2020. In the invoice in the eye of the storm the signature appears to read “K Sekar” just above “signatory authority”, though it doesn’t carry a name.
> 
> While The Wire‘s questions to Krishna Ella of Bharat Biotech went unanswered, the Hyderabad-based company issued a statement Friday denying any wrongdoing, several hours after UOL had published the details establishing a direct link <https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2021/06/25/empresa-de-singapura-citada-na-cpi-tem-ligacao-com-laboratorio-da-covaxin.htm> between Bharat Biotech and its offshore entity. “Over the past 25 years, Dr. Krishna Ella has founded or acquired more than a dozen companies. This includes Madison Biotech, from the Bharat Biotech group, a company he founded in 2020 for global sales and marketing of vaccines and R&D [research & development],” said a statement that the firm’s PR representative emailed The Wire. “We strongly refute and deny any kind of allegation or implication of any wrongdoing with respect to the supply of Covaxin.”
> 
> Its clarification notwithstanding, Bharat Biotech, and its owner, may be in for more trouble in Brazil. On Thursday, the vice president of the senate panel, Senator Randolfe Rodrigues, moved an application <https://congressoemfoco.uol.com.br/legislativo/cpi-da-covid/randolfe-pede-quebra-de-sigilo-bancario-da-bharat-biotech/> to the committee’s board to break open Madison Biotech’s fiscal records. “It’s a company that is headquartered in a tax haven and asked for a payment of $45 million in advance,” the senator said in a request to CPI president. “Some measures are needed that I am forwarding to this Parliamentary Commission. First, the unlocking of bank records of this offshore company. The unlocking of its fiscal secrecy, if they have operations here in Brazil because we have information that there are operations of this company also in Brazil, despite being offshore,” said Senator Rodrigues in his request.
> 
> The request to open the Singapore firm’s records will come up for consideration next week. According to sources in Brasilia, after Friday’s testimony by the Miranda brothers, the probe will go after the company with full force. Bharat Biotech’s local representative, which actually signed the contract with the health ministry, is already facing at least four different investigations for the price negotiated for each dose of Covaxin and the manner in which the contract was negotiated. In addition to the CPI probe, it is also being examined by the Federal Court of Accounts, the Comptroller General of the Republic and the Federal Prosecutors who say they have seen some “evidence of a crime” in the case.
> 
> 
> Shobhan Saxena and Florencia Costa are independent journalists based in São Paulo, Brazil.
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> 
> ____________________________
> 
> Jai Sen
> 
> Independent researcher, editor; Senior Fellow at the School of International Development and Globalisation Studies at the University of Ottawa
> 
> jai.sen at cacim.net <mailto:jai.sen at cacim.net> &  <mailto:jsen at uottawa.ca>jsen at uottawa.ca <mailto:jsen at uottawa.ca>
> Now based in Ottawa, Canada, on unsurrendered Anishinaabe territory (+1-613-282 2900) and in New Delhi, India (+91-98189 11325)
> 
> Check out something new – including for copies of the first two books below, at a discount, and much more : The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
> Jai Sen, ed, 2017 – The Movements of Movements, Part 1 : What Makes Us Move ?.  New Delhi : OpenWord and Oakland, CA : PM Press.  Ebook and hard copy available at PM Press <http://www.pmpress.org/>; hard copy only also at The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
> Jai Sen, ed, 2018a – The Movements of Movements, Part 2 : Rethinking Our Dance.  Ebook and hard copy available at PM Press <http://www.pmpress.org/>; hard copy only also at The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
> Jai Sen, ed, 2018b – The Movements of Movements, Part 1 : What Makes Us Move ?  (Indian edition). New Delhi : AuthorsUpfront, in collaboration with OpenWord and PM Press.  Hard copy available at MOM1AmazonIN <https://www.amazon.in/dp/9387280101/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1522884070&sr=8-2&keywords=movements+of+movements+jai+sen>, MOM1Flipkart <https://www.flipkart.com/the-movements-of-movements/p/itmf3zg7h79ecpgj?pid=9789387280106&lid=LSTBOK9789387280106NBA1CH&marketplace=FLIPKART&srno=s_1_1&otracker=search&fm=SEARCH&iid=ff35b702-e6a8-4423-b014-16c84f6f0092.9789387280106.SEARCH&ppt=Search%20Page>, and MOM1AUpFront <http://www.authorsupfront.com/movements.htm>
> 
> SUBSCRIBE TO World Social Movement Discuss, an open, unmoderated, and self-organising forum on social and political movement at any level (local, national, regional, and global).  To subscribe, simply send an empty email to wsm-discuss-subscribe at lists.openspaceforum.net <mailto:wsm-discuss-subscribe at lists.openspaceforum.net>

____________________________

Jai Sen

Independent researcher, editor; Senior Fellow at the School of International Development and Globalisation Studies at the University of Ottawa

jai.sen at cacim.net <mailto:jai.sen at cacim.net> &  <mailto:jsen at uottawa.ca>jsen at uottawa.ca <mailto:jsen at uottawa.ca>
Now based in Ottawa, Canada, on unsurrendered Anishinaabe territory (+1-613-282 2900) and in New Delhi, India (+91-98189 11325)

Check out something new – including for copies of the first two books below, at a discount, and much more : The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
Jai Sen, ed, 2017 – The Movements of Movements, Part 1 : What Makes Us Move ?.  New Delhi : OpenWord and Oakland, CA : PM Press.  Ebook and hard copy available at PM Press <http://www.pmpress.org/>; hard copy only also at The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
Jai Sen, ed, 2018a – The Movements of Movements, Part 2 : Rethinking Our Dance.  Ebook and hard copy available at PM Press <http://www.pmpress.org/>; hard copy only also at The Movements of Movements <https://movementsofmovements.net/>
Jai Sen, ed, 2018b – The Movements of Movements, Part 1 : What Makes Us Move ?  (Indian edition). New Delhi : AuthorsUpfront, in collaboration with OpenWord and PM Press.  Hard copy available at MOM1AmazonIN <https://www.amazon.in/dp/9387280101/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1522884070&sr=8-2&keywords=movements+of+movements+jai+sen>, MOM1Flipkart <https://www.flipkart.com/the-movements-of-movements/p/itmf3zg7h79ecpgj?pid=9789387280106&lid=LSTBOK9789387280106NBA1CH&marketplace=FLIPKART&srno=s_1_1&otracker=search&fm=SEARCH&iid=ff35b702-e6a8-4423-b014-16c84f6f0092.9789387280106.SEARCH&ppt=Search%20Page>, and MOM1AUpFront <http://www.authorsupfront.com/movements.htm>
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